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5 лет назад

Cartesi, Real OS for Blockchain

Network inefficiency and difficulty in coding of blockhain can be solved by Cartesi with first second-layer system able to run a real operating system on top of blockchain.
Cartesi is a real and fully-fledged Linux OS that make high the capabilities of decentralized applications of blockchain.
Cartesi bridges the gap between blockchains and full-fledged operational systems, expanding the versatility of computation and permitting veteran developers to create a lot more extensive wider array of DApps.

2 layers Cartesi platform for the growth of Dapps that composed of both blockchain and off-chain components.

Off-chain components represent the interests of each DApp user with reproducible Cartesi Machines. It is easily integrated into smart contracts with conflict resolution guarantees.
Cartesi Machines can be fairly adjudicated at negligible cost on the blockchain that any dispute arising over the result of computations run inside
Cartesi enables DApp developers to use all the programming languages, tools, libraries, software, and services they are already familiar with. Developers are freed from the limitations and characteristics forced by blockchains by moving the vast majority of the perplexing rationale of their DApps to versatile off-chain parts.

  Cartesi engages designers to choose the best run-time condition in which to have each piece of their DApps.

1. Layer of Cartesi

Layer 1 scalability solutions change the fundamental blockchain infrastructure itself. . Models incorporate the advancement of square sizes, sharding, and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS).
Layer 2 Cartesi can greatly improve unable to settle who is correct on the main chain, as it allows both a Plasma chain or a State Channel to specify full Cartesi computations within its transactions. The settlement can still be efficiently and safely resolved.

2. Computation environment

A Cartesi DApp can specify reproducible offchain computations to be performed a lot of off-chain information inside the blockchain.
A Cartesi Machine are represented on-chain by a hash of its state, allows for complex transactions built from several rounds of off-chain computations to be completely indicated. Cartesi is committed to making off-chain computations portable across different blockchain platforms.

Reputation solutions

Cartesi gives instead mathematical guarantees on its dispute resolutions. Trusted execution environment Future applications may wish to consolidate technologies by running an entire Cartesi Node inside a hardware enclave or by running part of their native computations inside hardware enclaves within Cartesi Nodes.

Zero knowledge proofs

General purpose zero-knowledge proof systems achieve verifications in a fast, non-interactive and private manner. Cartesi can accelerate development by bringing more mature off-chain implementations of zk-SNARKS, such as Pinocchio or libsnark, directly into the blockchain.

Compilers and Virtual Machines

Several projects try to provide different languages for developers to write smart contracts in, such as Vyper, LLL, Bamboo, etc. but they do not fully alleviate the most fundamental restrictions that currently hamper blockchain development. The main reason being that all these languages run on a free standing environment and therefore they do not offer the advantages that come with Cartesi’s underlying operating system.

3. Cartesi Machine specification

The Cartesi Machine is a self-contained and deterministic computational model that can host modern operating systems. Cartesi Machines are based on a proven architecture for which a standard toolchain and operating system are already available.

3.1 The processor

Cartesi Machines execute the Following RISC-V terminology and RV64IMASU ISA. The letters after RV specify the extension set. This determination corresponds to a 64-bit machine, Integer arithmetic with Multiplication and division, Atomic operations, as well as the optional Supervisor and User benefit levels

3.2 The board

The cooperation among board and processor occurs through gadgets mapped to the processor's physical location space.

3.3 The state transition function

A computation is a succession of machine states s0, s1, . . . , sh, governed by a transition function step such that si+1 = step(si). (1) Here, s0 is the initial state and sh is a halting state.

3.4 The Linux port

The key parts are the GNU Compiler Collection and the GNU C Library.

4 Cartesi Machines off-chain

Off-chain usage of Cartesi Machines fill two needs, for example, the execution of the computation itself and supporting the settlement of arguments about the consequences of computations.

4.1 The scripting interface

The instantiation of a machine can only happen after the initial values qualities for its whole physical location space have been defined. The physical memory format is parameterized by the total amount of RAM, and by the starts and lengths of all flash devices.

4.2 Reference implementation

Cartesi’s reference off-chain implementation is based on software emulation. The emulator is written in C/C++ with POSIX conditions confined to the terminal, procedure, and memory-mapping offices. Inside procedure make extremely easy to execute and proficient.

4.3 Floating-point support

Floating-point operations predominant off-chain (with the exception of, maybe, with regards to installed gadgets).
5 Cartesi Machines in the blockchain
Cartesi uses cryptographic hashes to concisely represent machine states in the blockchain.

5 Cartesi Machines in the blockchain

5.1 Machine state representation by hashes

Merkle trees are binary trees where every hub contains a hash. In Cartesi, Merkle trees are based on the keccak hash function

5.2 The verification game

The verification game is a protocol that permits a judge with restricted computational assets to official a game between two computationally boundless players.

5.3 Cartesi Machines as one of numerous natives

Cartesi primitives are made accessible to user through a functional programming interface.

6. The Cartesi Node

Each user that wishes to interact with a Cartesi DApp must have a Cartesi Node available to him. execution of the Cartesi Machine that DApps can control to perform verifiable computations. Nodes contain the infrastructure necessary for the association of off-chain and blockchain DApp components.

6.1 Off-chain expression DAGs

Off-chain DApp components need to interact with existing blockchain DAGs.

6.2 Dispute delegation market

Cartesi will keep up various of nodes with the dispute proxy DApp installed, to guarantee service availability to honest principals. These nodes will be designed to purchase, up to a maximum stake, advertised disputes that are profitable but have not found a proxy within a preset deadline.

7. Future work

The interfaces DApps use to legitimately determine,, control, and verify off-chain computations. The Cartesi platform will offer several additional components built over the core, or extending its reach.

Data availability

Cartesi remedies the severe storage limitations of the blockchain by keeping on-chain only Merkel tree hashes of off-chain data.

Usability

This will free the users from concerns over the various tokens used inside each DApp. A system for outsourcing deferred actions will also be provided.

The Cartesi SDK

The APIs accessible inside the SDK will significantly lessen the size and complexity of DApps blockchain components.

Extensions to the Cartesi Machine

The dehashing device gives applications the power to traverse hash pointer data structures.
Crowd disputes
Cartesi has built up a variation of the confirmation game that empowers any fair member to safeguard his outcome against a whole group at unimportant expense.

Partner

SNZ Holding.

SNZ is supporting Cartesi with funding for extensive network and experience in community building.
SNZ envisions blockchain as a way to restore the original spirits of the internet and an opportunity to build a better future with ensured security, validated information, distributed supercomputing, digitalized assets and beyond.

Egretia

Cartesi joined Egretia’s HTML5 Blockchain Gaming Alliance. Egretia is the world’s leading HTML5 blockchain game ecosystem.The Egretia ecosystem also involves a Game Distribution Platform, Crowdfunding Platform, Game Cryptocurrency Exchange and Incubator.
Egretia will provide comprehensive blockchain solutions & services for players, content providers, distribution channels and advertisers, facilitating a robust game ecosystem using tokens.